Trigona silvestriana (Vachal, 1908)
Common Names: "morroco", "homo"
Melipona (Trigona) silvestriana
Vachal, J. (1908). Espècés nouvelles ou litigienses d' Apidae du haut Bassin du Parana et des régions contiguës et délimitation d' une nouvelle sous-famille Diphaglossinae (Hym.). Rev. Entomol. (Caen) 27: 221-244 [221] .
Type data: syntype MNHP <F> worker (1) , syntype MNHP <F> workers (5) , syntype MNHP <F> worker (1) , syntype MNHP <F> worker (1) , syntype whereabouts unknown <F> worker (the type material of Vachal was composed. Schwarz, 1948:257 interpreted the species based on material from Belize. Specimens from Brazil and Bolivia are probably <I>Trigona truculenta</I> Almeida. The specimens from Ecuador, Cachabé, are probably <I>Trigona silvestriana</I> (Vachal), <I>sensu </I>Schwarz. According to the Moure's personal notes all type specimens listed by Vachal are in MNHP, except the one(s) from Honduras Britannique [ = Belize], which was not found by him.).
Type locality: Rio Urubu, Goyaz, Brazil; Goyaz, Brazil; Mapiri, Bolivia; Cachabé (Equateur) [= Cachabí, Esmeraldas, Equador]; "Honduras Britannique" [= Belize].
Trigona amalthea borealis
Friese, H. (1913). Über einige nomenklatorische Änderungen. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1913: 579-580 [580] (nom. nud. Schwarz (1948: 256) examined specimens from San Mateo, Costa Rica labeled as Trigona amalthea variety borealis by Friese, in addition to the type label, however he supposed that the name had not been published; Moure, in litt., examined one specimen from Manatee, Br. Hond. [= Belize], deposited in ZMB, labeled as type of borealis.) .
Trigona amalthea glaberrima
Friese, H. (1913). Über einige nomenklatorische Änderungen. Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 1913: 579-580 [580] (nom. nud. [specimens from Colombia]) .
Remarks
Trigona silvestriana (Vachal) is being interpreted according to Schwarz, 1948: 257.
Distribution
Nearctic Region: Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo); Neotropical Region: Belize, Colombia (Antioquia, Chocó, Magdalena, Valle del Cauca), Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limón, Puntarenas, San José), Ecuador (Azuay, Cañar, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Guayas, Loja, Manabi, Pichincha), Guatemala (Alta Verapaz, Izabal), Honduras (Atlántida, Choluteca, Colón, Francisco Morazán, Olancho, Yoro), Nicaragua (Atlántico Sur, Carazo, Chontales), Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriquí, Coclé, Colón, Herrera), Peru (Cajamarca)
References
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Bernal, R. & Ervik, F. (1996). Floral biology and pollination of the dioecious palm Phytelephas seemannii in Colombia: an adaptation to staphylinid beetles. Biotropica 28 (4b): 682-696 [689, 690, 693] (as Trigona amalthea, geographic record, flower record: Phytelephas seemannii (Palmae), relative abundance, pollen foraging, figure)
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Ducke, A. (1916). Enumeração dos Hymenopteros colligidos pela Comissão e Revisão das espécies de abelhas do Brasil. Comm. Lin. Teleg. Estr. M. Gr. ao Amazonas 35: 3-171 [134-135] (as Melipona silvestriana, partim [Honduras Britannico = Belize, Colombia: Popayan, Equador occidental - see also Trigona truculenta Almeida, 1984])
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Howard, J. J. (1985). Observations on resin collecting by six interacting species of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponinae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 58 (2): 337-345 [339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344] (geographic record, resing collecting: Castilla elastica (Moraceae), relative abundance, interspecific competition, aggressiveness, recruitment)
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Michener, C. D. (1954). Bees of Panamá. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 104 (1): 5-175 [165] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, geographic records)
Michener, C. D. (1990). Classification of the Apidae (Hymenoptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 54 (4): 75-164 [128] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, list)
Michener, C. D., Winston, M. L. & Jander, R. (1978). Pollen manipulation and related activities and structures in bees of the family Apidae. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 51 (19): 575-601 [578, 582, 583, 590] (as Trigona (Trigona) amalthea, geographic record, pollen foraging: Cucurbita pepo, pollen foraging behavior; as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, pollen foraging: Cassia biflora, foraging behavior, citation)
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Nieh, J. C., Contrera, F. A. L. & Nogueira-Neto, P. (2003). Pulsed mass recruitment by a stingless bee, Trigona hyalinata. Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 270: 2191-2196 [2191] (foraging behavior, interspecific competition, citation)
Oliveira, M. L. & Morato, E. F. (2000). Stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Meliponini) feeding on stinkhorn spores (Fungi, Phallales): robbery or dispersal?. Rev. Bras. Zool. 17 (3): 881-884 [881] (as Trigona amalthea, fungi visiting, exudates and spores collecting: Dictyophora sp., citation)
Parra, G. (1984). Censo parcial de las abejas sin aguijon (Apidae-Meliponinae) del Occidente Colombiano. Cespedesia 13 (49-50): 277-290 [285] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, nesting site: semi-exposed in trunk, geographic records, flower records: Elaeis oleifera, Manihot sculenta, Lantana, Compositae, odor bait: cineol, sweat collecting)
Parra, G. (1990). Bionomia de las abejas sin aguijon (Apidae Meliponinae) del Occidente Colombiano. Cespedesia 57-58: 77-116 [80, 81, 82, 83, 92, 95, 98, 106] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, nesting site: exposed, semi-exposed in ground [!], nest entrance, nest characteristics, defense behavior, habitat, geographic record, figure: nest)
Pereboom, J. J. M. & Biesmeijer, J. C. (2003). Thermal constraints for stingless bee foragers: the importance of body size and coloration. Oecologia (Berl.) 137: 42-50 [43, 44] (as Trigona amalthea, body size, body color, thermal characteristics, phylogeny - citation)
Rebêlo, J. M. M., Rêgo, M. M. C. & Albuquerque, P. M. C. (2003). Abelhas (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) da região setentrional do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil pp. 265-278 in Melo, G. A. R. & Alves-dos-Santos, I. (ed.) Apoidea Neotropica: Homenagem aos 90 anos de Jesus Santiago Moure. Criciúma: Editora UNESC 320 pp. [268] (geographic range, geographic record [Caxias, Maranhão and Brazil - error])
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Reyne, A. (1962). Angelloze bijen (Meliponidae) voorkomende in Suriname. Entomol. Ber. 22 (2): 30–37 [32] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, geographic range, synonymy, taxonomic notes)
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Roubik, D. W. (1983). Nest and colony characteristics of stingless bees from Panamá (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 53 (6): 327-355 [330, 333, 337,342, 343, 345, 346, 352] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, nesting site: exposed, around branches, lianas, on tree trunks: Ceiba pentandra, nest characteristics, geographic record, nest population, nest density)
Roubik, D. W. (1989). Ecology and natural history of tropical bees. New York: Cambridge University Press 1-514 +x pp. [105, 108, 154, 156, 281, 416] (as Trigona amalthea, relative abundance, flower record: Bactris, Iriartea, citation; as Trigona silvestriana and Trigona amalthea silvestriana, behavior, recruitment, intraspecific competition, massive attack, resin, sap collecting, pollen, nectar foraging behavior, illegitimate remotion, flower records: Cassia, Aphelandra, Pavonia, Musa Passiflora, Ochroma, provision, energy production, citation, figure)
Roubik, D. W. (1992). Stingless Bees: A guide to Panamanian and Mesoamerican species and their nests (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae) pp. 495-524 in Quintero, D. & A. Aiello (ed.) Insects of Panama and Mesoamerica. Selected Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press 692 pp. [504, 506, 508, 515, 516, 523] (as Trigona (Trigona) amalthea silvestriana, synonymy, taxonomic notes, geographic range, hybrids [!], nesting site: exposed, attached to trunks and rocky, figures: hind leg, head)
Roubik, D. W. (1993). Direct costs of forest reproduction, bee-cycling and the efficiency of pollination modes. Journal of Biosciences 18 (4): 537-553 [548] (as Trigona amalthea silvestriana, geographic range, habitat, nest density)
Roubik, D. W. (2000). Deceptive orchids with Meliponini as pollinators. Plant Systematics and Evolution 222: 271-279 [273, 275] (as Trigona amalthea, partim: Costa Rica, geographic record, flower record: Xylobium (Orchidaceae), citation)
Roubik, D. W. (2000). The de-flowering of Central America: a current perspective pp. 144-151 in International Bee Research Association (ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cardiff: IBRA [146] (as Trigona amalthea, synonymy, list)
Roubik, D. W. (2002). Feral African bees augment neotropical coffee yeld pp. 255-266 in Kevan, P. G. & Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L. I. (ed.) Pollinating bees: The Conservation link between agriculture and nature. Brasilia: Ministry of Environment 313 pp. [259] (as Trigona amalthea, flower record: Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae))
Roubik, D. W. & Wolda, H. (2000). Male and female bee dynamics in a lowland tropical forest pp. 167-174 in International Bee Research Association (ed.) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Apiculture in Tropical Climates. Cardiff: IBRA [172] (as Trigona amalthea, geographic record, local extinction)
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Schwarz, H. F. (1948). Stingless bees (Meliponidae) of the Western Hemisphere. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 90: xvii+546 [107,115,167, 203,205,215, 217,220, 242,243, 245,250,251,] (253, 255, 256-259, 286, 485; as Trigona (Trigona) trinidadensis silvestriana, damaging: Citrus, Musa paradisiaca - banana, Mammea americana, flower records: Pontederia cordata, Ipomoea sidaefolia, Centrosema plumieri, banana flowers, citation, hamuli, behavior, agressiveness, key: worker, comparative notes, figures: head, hind leg, synonymy, diagnosis, description: worker, notes on types, taxonomy, nest characteristics, nesting sites: under tree-bromeliads, orchids, large liana, and on trunk of palm: Acanthorrhiza albida, geographic range, geographic records)
Schwarz, H. F. (1949). The stingless bees (Meliponidae) of Mexico. An. Inst. Biol. Mex. 20 (1,2): 357-370 [363, 367] (as Trigona (Trigona) trinidadensis silvestriana, list, key)
Schwarz, H. F. (1951). New stingless bees (Meliponidae) from Panama and the Canal Zone. Am. Mus. Novit. 1505: 1-16 [7] (as Trigona (Trigona) trinidadensis silvestriana, comparative notes)
Slaa, E. J., J. Wassenberg & J. C. Biesmeijer (2003). The use of field-based social information in eusocial foragers: local enhancement among nestmates and heterospecifics in stingless bees. Ecol. Entomol. 28: 369-379 [370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377] (as Trigona amalthea, geographic record, behavior, communication, recruitment, nest population, foraging strategy, scent trail)
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Wheeler, W. M. (1913). Notes on the habits of some Central American stingless bees. Psyche 20 (1): 1-9 [2] (as Trigona nigerrima, geographic record, flower record: banana)
Wille, A. (1961). Evolutionary trends in the ventral nerve cord of stingless bees (Meliponini). Revista de Biologia Tropical 9 (1): 117-129 [118, 121] (as Trigona trinidadensis silvestriana and Trigona trinidadensis, morphology, ventral nerve cord)
Wille, A. (1963). Behavioral adaptations of bees for pollen collecting from Cassia flowers. Revista de Biologia Tropical 11 (2): 205-210 [207] (pollen foraging behavior, anthers biting, flower record: Cassia biflora)
Wille, A. (1983). Biology of the stingless bees. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 28: 41-64 [54] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, flight range)
Wille, A. & C. D. Michener (1973). The nest architecture of stingless bees with special reference to those of Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 21 (Suplemento 1): 1-278 [15, 26, 36, 50, 61, 73, 91, 98, 231, 242-245, 256] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, nesting site: exposed and partially exposed, geographic records, habitat, nest characteristics, royal cells, figures: nest)
Wille, A., Orozco, E. & Raabe, C. (1983). Polinización del chayote Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz en Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical 31 (1): 145-154 [146] (as Trigona (Trigona) silvestriana, pollination: Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae), geographic records)
Online since: 23 Jul 2008
Last update : 17 Jul 2023